<HybrHi>

As the results of the <Hybr> robot turned out very positive, we decided to give it an extension into the high range of notes. An extension in the low range would also have been possible, but due to the inherently large size of the pipes, we at least for now, abandoned the idea. When working in tandem with <Hybr> - a mother and child configuration - it becomes possible for the duo to perform a wide range of solo literature. Learning some lessons from the <Hybr> design, here we strictly adhered to the design rule stating that the ratio of pipe length to internal diameter must be larger than 10. However, due to the non availability of pipe material in gradually increasing internal diameters, the consequence was that for some pipes we had to build them as 'overblown' pipes, using their second or third overtone. As we tried to dig up as many different diameter pipes as possible, the pipe work shows up an assortment of different types (... and colors) of plastics. All pipes consist of a length of tubing mounted on a base piece in PVC turned on the lathe, with a conical adapter from speaker membrane diameter to pipe diameter: The drawing shows the principle for 28 mm diameter speakers. In <Hybr> we had used one and the same type of speaker for the pipes (Visaton K50), here we attempted to let the speaker diameter -in as far as possible- go down with rising pitch.  So we start with 40 mm diameter speakers for note 73 and go down to 16 mm, the smallest size available on the market. Obviously the resonant frequency of the speakers goes up with decreasing diameter - for the 16 mm type it's around 1 kHz- , but in the design of this instrument, we used every speaker in a range way above this resonant frequency. This way avoiding the bizarre behaviour of the pipes tuned to frequencies  in the neighbourhood of the resonant frequency of the speakers, as can be observed in <Hybr>.

Definitive pipes as made, tuned and measured:

• freq = frequency wherefore the pipe is used and tuned
• f0 = fundamental resonant frequency of the pipe
• f1 = first overtone frequency, followed by the ratio to the fundamental
• f2 = second overtone frequency, followed by the ratio  to the fundamental
• f3 = third overtone frequency, followed by the ratio to the fundamental
• l/d = pipe length to internal diameter ratio
• L = pipe length in mm
• De = outer diameter of the tube in mm
  
• Di = internal diameter of the tube in mm
  
• SPL= Sound pressure level with a 5 Vrms sine wave drive, in dBA measured at 30 cm from open end.
• Splr = Visaton loudspeaker type used
  
• The first column gives the MIDI-note number.

Midi implementation and mapping:

Midi channel: 8 (counting 0-15) [same channel as <Hybr> such that it can use a same track in sequencer software and be treated as a single instrument.]

Note Off: notes 73 to 108, note release implemented.
Note On: notes 73 to 108, velo implemented.

Lights:

The lights are mapped on the note range 115 to 121. Following lights are mounted now:

• 118: White LED strip on the font panel. The volocity byte steers the flashing speed.
• 119: Red LED strip on the front panel. The velocity byte steers the flashing speed.
  
• 120: Tungsten light bulb on the left side of the pipe holder
• 121: Tungsten light bulb on the right side of the pipe holder
• Reserved for future addition: 115 (5V light), 116 (dimable),117 (dimable)
  

Keypressure: used to modulate the pitch of each individual sounding note. Value=64 gives standard pitch, values 63 to 0 bend the pitch down, values 64 to 127 bend upwards. The range is 50 cents up or down. This implementation makes it possible to play the instrument in just about any imaginable microtuning. The value of the individual note microtuning settings is 'sticky', thus users do not have to send it with every note on command.  A note-off command will not reset the microtuning of the corresponding note. This implementation deviates from standard midi! Before using aftertouch, controller 124 should be set to value 64 to acquire the right scaling! Once this controller is set, each note should be initialized with it's right aftertouch. So, if microtonal inflections within a normal temperament are required, one should send the note pressure command with value 64 for all the notes within the range of the instrument prior to any playing commands.

Controllers:

#1: Wind noise or pitch instability. (Default value 0)
#3: Vibrato depth (FM) (default value 0)
#4: Vibrato speed (FM) (default value 0)
#5: Tremolo depth (AM) (default value 0)
#6: Tremolo speed (AM) (default value 0)
#7: Global volume (default value 64)
#16: global attack control (attack time) (default value 1)
#17: global maximum velo amplitude (default value 127)
#18: global decay time (default value 1)
#19: global release time (default value 1)
#20: Global tuning (range, a quartertone up or down). Default value 64 for A= 440 Hz (*)
#63: Amplitude of the first inharmonic overtone for all notes 73 to 108. The frequencies appear in the pipe table given above. (Default value=0)
#66: Power on/off switch. Power off disables the amplifiers by muting them but does not unpower them. Power off resets all controllers to their startup default values.
#67: Volume control for the common external audio input (default value 0)
#70: Cold boot and reset controller. Value 0 powers down the robot via the external boot-board, values > 0 powers the robot up. Wait 1 second after powering up, before sending any commands.
#113: Amplitude of the second inharmonic overtone  for all notes 73 to 108. The frequencies appear in the pipe table given above. (Default value= 0)
#123: all notes off, preserving all controller settings including microtuning, if it was enabled.
#124: initialization of key pressure. In case keypressure is used, this controller should be set to value 64. Once this controller is set, keypressure for all notes should be set to 64 for all notes for normal pitch. In case no keypressure is used, this controller should not be set.

(*) If the tuning is set much different from 440Hz, the overall amplitudes will be affected, unless tuning follows the changes of resonance frequencies as a result of temperature changes.  The range is a quartertone up or down. Parameter value 64 equals A=440Hz)

Program Change commands can be used to change the waveform of the excitation. The default is 0, for pure sinusoidal excitation.

• #0 : sine wave excitation
• #1: sine wave and two added inharmonic overtones (amplitudes controlled by ctrl.63 and 113 respectively).
• #2: sine wave and two added harmonic overtones ( 2 f0 and 3 f0)
• #3: sine wave and two added harmonic overtones (2f0 and 4 f0)
• #4: sine wave and two added harmonic overtones (3 f0 and 5 f0)
• #5: trapezoidal waveform excitation
• #6: square wave excitation
• #7: triangle waveform excitation
• #8: sawtooth excitation

Channel aftertouch and pitch bend are not implemented on <Hybrhi>

In addition to the features described before, we implemented  an operational mode wherein the instrument can be used as an acoustic fourrier transformer with equal tempered frequency bins, extending the range provided on <Hybr>.  Therefore it is required to feed all 36 loudspeakers with one and the same audio signal, limited in bandwidth (fc= 5000 Hz)  to the range of the instrument. The sampling rate for this channel is pretty low (>= 10 kS/s) and the resolution is 12 bits. The common audio drive input requires a low impedance (< 600 Ohm)  line level signal. The level of this signal as presented to the pipes can be controlled with midi controller #67.

• sizes: 550 x 260 x 700
  
• weight: 21 kg.
  
• power: 230V / 90VA , standy power consumption: 45 VA, peak power: 150 VA.
  
• tuning: A=440, adjustable
• Ambitus: 73 - 108
  
• Loudness level:  20 - 92 dBA, (The sound pressure of a single pipe is ca. 80 dBA)
• Microcontrollers: 18 ARM STM32F407 and 1 Microchip PIC 18F2525.
• Insurance value:  6.000 Euro
  

• Mattias Parent (hardware assistance)
• Moniek Darge (requisites)
  
• Kristof Lauwers (Axoloti  patches)
  
• Johannes Taelman ( firmware Axoloti core for ARM STM32F407 processor)
  

Music composed for <Hybrhi>:

Godfried-Willem Raes "Namuda Study #51: Seduction" (2015)

Godfried-Willem Raes "Namuda Study #57: Tekstuur" (2015)

Back to Logos-Projects page : projects.html

Back to Main Logos page:index.html

To Godfried-Willem Raes personal homepage...

To Instrument catalogue

Construction diary:

18.12.2014: First sketches and outline for a high range extension for the <Hybr> robot.
19.12.2014: Small diameter speakers made by Visaton traced in the Reichelt catalogue
20.12.2014: PC board designed for a 12-channel amp using STA540 chips. For Hybrhi we need 2 or 3 of these boards, depending on the range to implement.
21.12.2014: If we use Visaton K28-WP50 speakers, the PVC pieces required if we make use of Eriks PVC parts become:

• pipes 73-75: diameter 16, 32->20 and 20->16
• pipes 76-87: diameter 12, 32->20, 20->16, 16->12
• pipes 88-96: diameter 10, 32->20, 20->16, 16> 12, 12> 10

As an alternative we can also mill the required conical pieces in the PVC plate. If we extend the instrument up to note 108, we would require 12 Visaton K16-50 speakers and 8 mm diameter pipes. These would have to be made from brass, as we cannot find them in PVC.
22.12.2014: Small Visaton speakers ordered from Reichelt.
09.01.2015: The ordered Visaton speakers came in from Reichelt, so the experiments can start again.
14.01.2015: Comparison of the properties of the very small Visation speakers with 50 Ohm impedance:

For the notes 73 (554 Hz) to 78 (739 Hz) Visaton K40 is a possibility.
For the notes 73 (554 Hz) to 84 (1046 Hz)  Visaton K36 could be used. Its resonant frequency is at 550 Hz
For the notes 77 (698 Hz) to 96 (2093 Hz)  to  Visaton K28 seems possible Its resonant frequency is at 600 Hz.
For the notes 97 (2217 Hz) to 108 (4186 Hz) Visaton K16 are a good choice. The lowest possible note for this speaker would be 85 (1108 Hz), just above its resonant frequency (1005 Hz).

The response curves for these Visaton speakers come from the data sheets from the producer. It will be clear that SPL and efficiency go down with decreasing speaker diameter. The 16 mm speaker produces -8 dB SPL at 1kHz, compared to the 50 mm types.

A possible mensuring, extending the <Hybr> range gradually could thus be:

15.01.2015: Research in catalogues, tracing suitable PVC pipe materials and connecting pieces.
18.01.2015: Finalizing the design for the 12 channel amplifier boards.
19.01.2015: Using the newly purchased UV-exposure box from Gie-tec, we made the first PC board for a 12-channel amplifier using STA540 chips. Exposure time set to 120 seconds. Here is the board design.

  This drawing is at 200% scale, so for printing it has to be reduced to 50%. Photosensitive PC board used: FR4, 100x160 mm, order nr. 528560. For the next batch, we better take 2'15" exposure time and some longer development, as we had some tiny shorts on the first board etched. The circuit drawing for this board can be found underneath this page (maintenance instructions). The board layout may be changed for the next batch.
20.01.2015: Board soldered. Missing components ordered from Farnell. PC-board layout improved. Standby monitoring LED added. Board tests completed.  In standby mode, powered from +18 V, the board draws less than 10 mA of current. In rest-mode, with no signal applied, the current rises to 320 mA. Board layout corrections applied and a second board exposed, developed and etched. This second board is dated 20.01.2015 on the PCB. Exposure time was 2'15" this time. A third board may require some changes again. In total three boards are required if we stick to a 3-octave version for Hybrhi. Seems we have to be more careful in removing the protective layer from the photosensitive sides of the boards prior to exposing: removal of the plastic causes strong electric discharges causing the film layer to get exposed in spark and stripe patterns! This is the design used for the second board:

'                                           

21.01.2015:Parts delivery from Farnell... We can continue soldering. Two 12-channels amplifier boards ready. One more to go... Here is a picture of the finished board: . The latest version of the PCB layout is now: . So, now we have amplifier channels ready for a 36 note instrument.  Calculations of the power supply requirements updated. We are still in doubt with regard to the ambitus to implement. Counting the number of  ARM-discovery boards we still have in stock, 36 notes remain a maximalistic possibility.  In this case we need 9 eurocard boards, each holding two ARM boards. Eight boards, for 32 notes, looks a bit better but a highest note of g# (midi 104) is awkward. The minimal solution, extending Hybr up to note 96 only, requires only six Eurocard boards... Definitely, using 32-bit processors for the octave 96 to 108, is overkill, but there are many musical advantages to this extension as well. At the other hand, we risk that the electronics will become by large, the most volume occupying part in this robot...
22.01.2015: PCB for the ARM boards redesigned. Now a single carrier board can hold three ARM-discovery boards, good for six notes. So for full three octaves, six boards will be required. First board exposed, developed and etched. Result is perfect now. Here is the PCB design:

If anyone want to use this design, download the gif file and print at 25% of original size.

23.01.2015: Circuit drawing updated for the ARM carrier boards: Here are some pictures of the carrier boards:

Audio outputs from the ARM discovery boards connected with short pieces of stranded wire to the carrier board. The first board for notes 73 to 78 is ready now for programming and testing. Two more of these boards exposed, developed and etched...

24.01.2015: Drawing and calculating the mechanics of the  complete robot. Wheels selected: Blickle L-ALST 80K-FI, wheel diameter 80 mm, building height 102 mm with green polyurethane tires and for the central wheels, Tente 200 x30.  Six test pipes made using K16 speakers: note 98 (2349 Hz), note 104 (3322 Hz) and note 109 (4430 Hz ), and after extrapolation from these, notes 103, 105, 106, 107. These pipes made from transparent PVC with flange, recycled from medical applicators. We must confess that it is very difficult to tune these pipes to optimum resonance, as the resonance range is quite large and thus the peak not very sharp. This remark applies even more strongly with regard the the first and second overtones.
25.01.2015: Looking at the measurements of the highest seven pipes, and averaging the f1/f0 and f2/f0 relations, we find 1.6 and 2. This leads us to assuming these pipes actually resonate on their first overtones. However, at f0/2 - the 'missing fundamental'- no resonance peak could be measured. Construction of PVC adapters on the lathe: 3 adapters for 10 mm pipe towards K16 speakers, adapter outer diameter: 19mm. 3 Adapters for 10 mm pipe towards K28 speakers, adapter out diameter 30 mm, These give acoustical problems though. We seem the encounter the same kind of discontinuity as in <Hybr>: notes 96 and 97 do not seem to follow the mensuring scale.
26.01.2015: Experiments with full-wavelength pipes for notes 96, 97.  This indeed does work, although resonance is no very sharp. We finally decided to build these pipes as duodecime pipes, so using f= 3 * fo as a tuning base. Construction of the pipes for notes 73, 74, 75, 76 using Visaton K40 speakers. Construction of the pipes for notes 77 to 82 using Visaton K36 speakers. The adapter pieces were turned on the lathe from the leftovers from the holes in the windchest of Hybr. For pipes 77 to 82 we will used K36 speakers and nylon tubing 16 mm outer diameter and 1 2 mm inner diameter, as this gives a more gradual scaling.
27.01.2015: More pipes in the making... At the end of the working day, 4 more pipes to go... For pipes 94 and 95 we could use white PVC tube 10/8. This kind of tube is used on high voltage neon-signs for wire insulation. Pipe-table updated with new data. All PC boards exposed, developed, etched and drilled. This job was done by Mattias Parent.
28.01.2015: Construction of pipes 92, 93. Pipes 94 and 95 seem to become problematic. All pipes constructed and tuned now... Further soldering work of the ARM carrier boards. Drawing and designing of the 'windchest'.
29.01.2015: Running out of sockets for the ARM boards. Order placed at Reichelt. Finishing soldering work on the carrier boards in as far as possible. Green polyurethane wheels ordered from Blickle. Exact sizing determined: The windchest plate will be 550 mm wide and 200 mm deep. We use 25 mm thick PVC plate, the same as used on Hybr. The last row of pipes will count 10 pipes, the middle row 13 pipes and the front row again 13 pipes of the smallest sizes. Start cutting of the required holes in the windchest plate.
30.01.2015: Further drilling and milling of the holes in the windchest plate. By the end of the day, this plate was finished. We ruined one the the K16 speakers, by dropping it... Replacements were already ordered from Reichelt. Start construction of the chassis, from stainless steel. Mounting plate for the amplifiers on the backside cut out to 550 mm width, 322 mm height and bend under 90 degrees.
31.01.2015: Preparing the back plate for mounting the power supplies, the midihub board and the amplifier boards. Precision drilling work at hand. Power supply calculations double checked: indeed we better stick to a 12 V secondary transformer. Heatsinks made and mounted on the amplifiers.
01.02.2015: Technical drawings 1:1 scale for the mechanical parts and assembly. Metal plate work: Front and back panel drilled, sawn and milled. Holding plates for the side wheels constructed. Lets hope the holes in the mounting plate conform to the Blickle data sheet, as we do not yet have the wheels... Mounting of components can start. Tomorrow, a little bit of precision TIG welding... We estimate that in about one more week, <HybrHi> might play... This is the front side of the chassis:
, and here we have the backside: '                                           
02.02.2015: Start of the final assembly. Power amp supply (17.2 V DC without load) and 5V supply wired and tested. Components on the back panel mounted. We changed the design, such that the back panel can now be removed. Six M6 bolts hold the panel in place. Front panel welded to the main structure. Wheels tentatively mounted: they fit!
03.02.2014: Waiting for some components to fly in from Farnell, Blickle and Reichelt. Further wiring of the back- and amplifier side. In the meanwhile, we could already start mounting the pipes on the windchest plate. All pipes mounted. Start wiring of the windchest plate. The K16 speakers are a pain in the ass to solder... The green wheels from Blickle came in, so we mounted the complete wheelbase. The Traco 12 V 2.5 A smps module came in also and got mounted right away on the back chassis. Two 12 V tungsten bulbs mounted on the front of the windchest panel.
04.02.3015: Mounting nine five-pole IMO or Weidmueller connectors on the wires from the speaker assembly. Spare K16 speakers as well as dual-row connectors came in from Reichelt. ARM-carrier board #6 finished. All ARM boards mounted on the chassis. Here is a preliminary view on mother <Hybr> and child <HybriHi> about to be born: Still a lot of wiring and soldering left to be done though.
05.02.2015: Soldering of the midihub board. Start writing the code for the firmware for the 18F2525 PIC-controller. First version of the firmware flashed. Mounting of the board on the chassis. Wiring can continue...
06.02.2015: Dark clouds appearing... It seems we mounted ARM STM32F401 discovery boards on <HybrHi> whereas on <Hybr> we used ARM STM32F407 discovery boards. The boards look nearly identical, but there are some differences in the capabilities of the ARM processors. The STM32F401 runs on a 84 MHz clock and has 105 DMIPS, the STM32F407 has 168 MHz clock and 210 DMIPS as well as 1 Mbyte flash. We will have to consult Johannes Taelman...
07.02.2015: All wiring finished, except for the audio-input feature. Looks like we will have to replace all ARM discovery boards despite the fact that it would be possible to run the required code on the STM32F401. Construction of a pipeholder for the lowest row of pipes. Turning protective caps in stainless steel for the E14 lamp sockets. We made two extra of these, to be used on Hybr as well.
08.02.2015: The extra cost -materials only- for replacing all the ARM boards calculated to be 326 Euro... There remains quite a dissonance in the design of both <Hybr> and <HybrHi>: somewhere it doesn't sound right that these robots together use no less than 40 microprocessors, 38 of them 32 bit 168 MHz. There must be a better way to get this engineered.  With processors this fast, it might be possible to use multiplexing such that a single processor covering an octave would become possible.  We studied the possibilities for an analog solution, but this turns out just about as complicated and bulky as the massive attack with microprocessors applied here...
09.02.2015: All ARM STM32F401 board replaced with STM32F407 boards. Two K16 speakers replaced as their 0.2 mm wires broke off... It's a torture for our eyes. Red LED strip added on the front panel... we had no more white strips in stock. Also, these strips are not self-adhesive, so we used doubled sided sticky tape for mounting.
10.02.2015: <Hybrhi> fully implemented in GMT. Start construction of a polycarbonate front panel 550 mm x 300 mm, with cut out for the wheel. Kristof Lauwers can start loading up the firmware.
11.02.2015: Test coding for different tunings written in GMT whilst Kristof is writing and uploading Axoloti firmware. Audio input circuit calculated and designed: HybrHi plays its very first notes... 12dB too soft, as compared to Hybr. White LED strip added to the front panel, mapped on note 118.
12.02.2015: Firmware upload and programming session with Kristof Lauwers. Note 82 did not sound: there was an internal break in the gray wire connecting the loudspeaker on the windchest panel. The board for note 89-90 seems to be stubborn for some reason... Checking revealed a bad solder joint on the midi input on the carrier board. After resoldering, still note 89 refuses to sound. The signal is available though on the mini-jack connector on the board. So there is nothing wrong with the patch. We have to clear this out. A wiring issue we suppose. All other notes do sound, but there are still some mapping bugs in the firmware.
13.02.2015: Corrections in the mappings of the patches by Kristof Lauwers. Fault in the note 89 not playing found: an interrupted copper trace on the second amplifier board. All notes are sounding now, so HybrHi can play in full. Balancing of note volumes still to be improved. Hybr and Hybrhi implemented in the GMT Midi-player.
14.02.2015: As the maximum output signal level from the ARM boards is only marginally large enough for driving our amplifier design (+6bB max. input) we designed a new amplifier circuit with some gain using op-amps and a trimpot on the twelve inputs. We will not in the near future replace the boards, but for any new design we would certainly use the newer boards. Here is the PCB for the new design:

The op-amps to be used are TLO84's. The trimpot's are Bourns 2k2 miniature 12-turn types. Here is the complete circuit diagram:

15.02.2015: Discussing possible improvements with Kristof Lauwers. To overcome the amplitude gap between Hybr and HybrHi we could implement a controller (say #8) in order to controll the volume setting on Hybrhi as a supplement to the value set by volume controller #7. Waiting for 150mH coils from Farnell in order to finish the audio-input board.
17.02.2015: <HybrHi> makes its first public appearence in the Seduction concert production with the Logos Robot Orchestra. First piece it played: Ludwig van Beethoven...
18.02.2015: Audio input board finished and tested. Further measurements on Hybrhi reveal that the ARM-boards must still have a bug: notes 73,74 give 2.7 Vrms at the loudspeaker output, notes 75,76 five only 1.2 V... Notes 77,78 give 2.7 V again... With some number shifts in the Axoloti patches we could fix it, but it remains strange behaviour. Also, the volume curve in Axoloti seems pretty odd and in any case pretty far off from the logarithmic curve we would expect to get for a volume control. In any case, with output voltages of 2.7 V, we remain on the safe side for the speakers as the power is limited to 145mW.
19.02.2015: The only hypothesis to explain the volume difference between the boards that remains is a hardware revision on the Discovery boards themselves. Must be the design around the CS43L22 DAC audio driver with class D speaker driver.
23.02.2015: First prototype board for the 12-channel amp with preamps finished: Some minor corrections on the PCB were needed and have been applied to the film for future boards.
09.12.2015: HybrHi went off to the AB in Bruxelles for a concert with Kristof Lauwers. The first time it gets on the road...
12.02.2016: One of the speakers got loose from a pipe. The PVC glue is clearly not strong enough. Reglued and we will see whether it holds or not. If not, we may have to design clamps for these speakers.
26.09.2016: <HybrHi> transported to Berlin for participation in the 'Wir sind die Roboter' Festival.
03.10.2016: <HybrHi> returned in perfect working condition from the trip to Berlin. The only issue is that the wheel axle was found to be bend a bit. Its made from bronze, as we didn't have hardened steel in stock at the time of construction. Eventually we will have to replace this part.
30.07.2017: Tuning problems, similar to those in Hybr. (documented there).
06.12.2017: Right side 12V/15W tungsten bulb found burned out. Bulb replaced.
25.02.2020: To solve the tuning problem, we designed a boot-board, serving Hybr as well as HybrHi. Here is the circuit: This design gave us the chance to implement a few new features. Documentation will follow in the near future.
27.02.2020: Firmware for the <Booter> is up and running. Version 1.0.
01.03.2020: Further documentation on the booter device is available on its own page.
01.03.2022: Hybrhi speelt mee in Ukiyo-E, Handelsbeurs Gent.
04.06.2022: <HybrHi> op reis naar Eupen, Schlachthaus voor de Black Robots produktie.
05.06.2022: Herstelling (vervanging) van de PREH DIN konnektor voor de MIDI ingang. Nieuwe konnektor vastgezet met epoxy hars.
14.09.2023: <HybrHi> mee met het orkest naar de Deutsche Oper in Berlijn.
27-28-29.09.2023: Uitvoeringen van de Zeroth Law produktie in de Tischlerei.
02.10.2023: <HybrHi> komt heelhuids terug aan in Gent en vervoegt opnieuwe het robotorkest.

TO DO:

Mounting polycarbonate protective back plate.
Evaluation
Replacing the power amps with the newest design.

Maintenance information:

Circuit diagrams:

ARM-boards and audio amplifiers:

ARM-boards: (size: 100 x 240)

Weidmueller connector pinning:

The ARM boards are almost identical to the ones used for <Hybr>, however in this robot they are sandwiched in a stack rather than mounted on a plane. The audio amplifiers are a new design using the STA540 chips:

Power supply circuit:

Midihub board:

Wired board:

Firmware for the PIC microprocessor on this board.
Hex-dump of the assembled code

Audio input circuit with high and low pass filter:

Measured behaviour: -6 dB at 800 Hz, 0 dB between 1 kHz and 4.3 kHz, -6 dB at 4.4 kHz. The maximum input signal before (negative) clipping occurs is 2 Vpp for an output signal of 1.1 Vpp measured in the passband.

Prototype board:

by Godfried-Willem Raes

Further reading on this topic (some in Dutch):

Audsley, George Ashdown 'The Art of Organ-Building', ed. Dover Inc, NY,1965, (first edition: 1905)  ISBN 0-486-21314-5
D'Appolito, J. 'Luidspreker-meettechniek', ed. Segment BV, Beek , Nederland, 2000, ISBN: 90 5381 116 8
De Keyser, Ignace, 'Challenging von Hornbostel & Sachs', in: 50 years at Logos, 2019
Raes, Godfried-Willem , Expression control in musical automates
Taelman, Johannes 'AXOLOTI development platform' (Hasselt, 2014)

• Omzettingtabel midi noten naar frekwenties

• Power Supply specs:
• 12 V- 12 A non stabilized (150 VA) (Toroidal transformer)
  
• 12 V - 2.5 A stabilized SMPS (for lights only) (Traco TMP30112)(Farnell order nr. 167-2152)
  
• 5 V - 8 A stabilized (40 VA), SMPS: XP Power model ECE40US05. (Input voltage: 100-240V ac, 1.2A 50-60Hz)
  
• PVC plate: thickness 25 mm,   Ordered from Eriks.
  
• Front  and back plate: Polycarbonate, transparent 8 mm thick. (Nudec: http://www.nudec.es)
  
• Loudspeakers:  all Visaton types in 50 Ohm impedance K40, K36, K28, K16.
  
• Amplifiers:  The datasheet for the STA540 chips used in these amplifiers is here. Note that this chip is no longer produced. At the time of this writing, there was still a lot of stock available from RS-components.
  
• ARM board sockets:  2 x 6 pins, vertical socket Farnell nr. 341-9228
• Orange sideways 16-pole connector, 5.08mm pitch, on amplifier boards: Weidmueller header, Farnell order nr. 186-6457. As an alternative, order nr. 186-6572 (black) can be used as well. The mating part (plugable, witch screw connectors) has order nr. 186-6589
  
• Green vertical 5-pole connectors, on amplifier boards: IMO
  
• 2 x 4 pins, vertical socket, Farnell nr. 341-9204
• Wheels: Blickle L-ALST 80K-FI, wheel diameter 80 mm, building height 102 mm, Spoke wheels: Tente, 200 x 30.
  
• Calculation utility for passive RLC Butterworth filters. FILTERS.EXE  (A DOS program written by us  in PBCC, still running fine on any Windows platform).
• E14 light sockets: Conrad order number 535-107-14. Bulbs: 12V / 15W
• Red LED strip in front: LSDCPLFHR2-012, OMC (UK) Ltd. 01209 215424 part nr.1226695. http://www.omc-uk.com
  
• White LED strip: OVQ12S30W7, Farnell order nr.185-5498
• For programming the ARM boards, two USB cables are required: one USBA to mini USB and another cable USBA to micro USB. The last one can be ordered from Farnell (1425725), Cable ZX40-B-5S-1000-STDA.
• Component sources used: Farnell, Conrad, RS-Components, Reichelt, Eriks, Blickle, Tente, Air Liquide, MEA, Demar-Lux, Welda, Fabory.
  

 Maintenance and disassembly instructions:

Before undertaking any repair on this robot we strongly advise to first read through our construction diary, as this will clarify fully how the machine was originally designed and assembled.

To upgrade the firmware in the ARM-processors, or to repair any boards on the front side the transparent protective cover should be removed. To remove the middle board assembly, the wheel should be removed as well.

Robody picture with <Hybrhi>:

[EOF]